Abandon Ship has a very distinctive alert sound, followed by escape pods flying out of your ship. And then, only if you're close enough to another ship, does your ship actually explode. Admittedly, I don't know what the range is on this but I'm thinking 3km (this power damages ships out to 3km). I triggered this once by accident, as well, since I had removed it from my toolbar to prevent just such an occurrence. The UI decided I would be better off having it mixed in amongst my defensive buffs, however.

Anyway, I wasn't close enough to any ships when I set it off so nothing happened (other than me panicking).
I put my Abandon Ship icon on toolbar #4, which I don't use. So far it has stayed there. I haven't heard of any powers/abilities in use in PvE or PvP that could activate Abandon Ship against a players' will. It would be amusing and annoying if Viral Matrix had a small chance to activate some random ship ability as part of it's disabling routine (like the Iconian probe in TNG episode
Contagion). But so far I don't think there's anything like that in the game.
Z